The Major Sins ( Al-Kaba`er)

Shams al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Dhahabi was a Damascene hadith scholar, biographer, and one of the most important historians of the medieval Islamic world. Born in Damascus on 5 October 1274 CE / 673 AH to a family of Turkmen origin, he took his nisba from his father's profession as a goldsmith (dhahabi). He began the formal study of hadith at the age of eighteen and travelled extensively to gather knowledge — to Baalbek, Homs, Hama, Aleppo, Cairo, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and the Hijaz — narrating, by his own account, from over a thousand teachers, including the great hadith authority al-Mizzi and the polymath jurist Ibn Taymiyyah.

Al-Dhahabi's scholarly output is staggering: more than two hundred works, many encyclopedic in scale. His Tarikh al-Islam, a chronological history of the Muslim world up to his own time, contains over thirty thousand biographical entries. His Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, completed in 739 AH after seven years of labour, became one of the most widely consulted biographical dictionaries in the Islamic tradition. Tadhkirat al-Huffaz catalogued the great memorizers and transmitters of hadith, while shorter critical works such as al-Mughni fi al-Du'afa established him as one of the foremost authorities on the evaluation of narrators (jarh wa ta'dil).

Al-Dhahabi was Shafi'i in jurisprudence and Athari in creed, and was admired across madhhabs for the precision of his historical method. He died in Damascus on 3 February 1348 CE / 748 AH and was buried at Bab al-Saghir. His works remain foundational reference texts in the study of hadith, biography, and Islamic history.